Monetary Literacy & Mastery Foundation

Monetary Literacy & Mastery Foundation

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Join the Monetary Literacy & Mastery Foundation to understand how money, banking, inflation, and central banking really work. Free educational resources, community discussions, and structured learning for sound money principles.

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MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·4 months ago
Nominal Confusion: Why Rising Prices Don't Always Mean Rising Value
Extended Learning
The Invisible Wealth Illusion in Modern Financial Markets
Research Paper • Advanced • 12 Minute Read

In the world of modern finance, few phenomena are more deceptive than a rising stock market. Headlines celebrate new highs, portfolios appear to grow, and investors feel a sense of prosperity. Yet, as James Dines warned decades ago in The Invisible Crash, this apparent wealth creation frequently conceals a more troubling reality: real economic value is often eroding.

❦

How the System Operates

Central banks’ expansive monetary policies — characterised by repeated rounds of quantitative easing and low interest rates — inject liquidity into financial markets. This new money tends to flow first into assets such as equities. As a result, stock prices rise in nominal terms. A portfolio that was worth $100,000 a decade ago might now show $250,000 on paper.

However, this headline figure masks the corrosive effect of inflation. When central banks create money to finance government spending or support markets, the increased supply of currency reduces the purchasing power of each unit. Goods, services, housing, and even the cost of living rise accordingly. What appears as capital appreciation is, in many cases, merely a reflection of currency debasement rather than genuine increases in corporate productivity or economic output.

❦

Additional Insights

This dynamic is part of a larger, unsustainable system. Governments and central banks effectively abandoned sound money principles after the end of the Bretton Woods gold standard. The result is a form of hidden taxation through inflation, where savers and wage earners subsidise debtors and asset owners.

Modern monetary arrangements increasingly resemble a structural pyramid: expanding debt and liquidity sustain the system in the short term while transferring instability into the future.

Mass psychology plays a critical role. Optimistic narratives from Wall Street and Washington keep investors complacent, even as underlying monetary foundations weaken. James Dines warned that the eventual reckoning would not necessarily appear as a single dramatic crash, but rather as a prolonged period of instability, currency turmoil, and eroded living standards.

Research Note

Financial optimism often peaks precisely when monetary expansion is most aggressive, creating a lag between perceived wealth and real purchasing power.

❦

The Real Value Calculation

Consider a simple example. If your stock holdings increase by 8% in a given year but inflation runs at 6–7% (as measured by broader price indices that often understate true cost-of-living increases), your real return may be negligible — or even negative.

Over longer periods, this gap compounds. Investors chasing nominal gains frequently discover that their actual wealth, in terms of what it can buy, has stagnated or declined despite rising account balances.

This dynamic functions as a subtle transfer of resources. Asset owners — particularly those with early access to credit and newly created liquidity — benefit disproportionately, while savers and wage earners bear the hidden cost through diminished purchasing power.

The stock market increasingly reflects monetary expansion rather than underlying economic productivity.
❦

Enduring Relevance

In an era of persistent fiscal deficits and accommodative central banking, the temptation to interpret rising asset prices as genuine prosperity is strong.

Yet sophisticated investors distinguish between nominal gains and real returns. True wealth preservation requires looking beyond headline indices to the monetary mechanisms that drive them.

Understanding this distinction is not merely academic — it is essential for long-term financial resilience.

4 replies 703 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Monetary Policy ·5 months ago
The Nature of Money Creation: Cantillon Effect
MONETARY LITERACY & MASTERY FOUNDATION
LESSON 05 · MONETARY FOUNDATIONS

How Money Is Created & The Cantillon Effect

Having explored how sound money and monetary stability relate to individual liberty, we now examine how currency enters the economy and who receives it first. Most people believe currency is created by governments printing physical cash. In reality, the overwhelming majority of modern currency is created through bank lending. Those closest to the newly created currency benefit at the expense of others. Understanding this process is essential to understanding inflation, wealth inequality, and the incentives built into today's monetary system.

ACADEMY INTERMEDIATE 12 MINUTE READ
LESSON 05 FOUNDATIONS
ACADEMY LESSON MONEY CREATION
LESSON SNAPSHOT

Money Creation & The Cantillon Effect

⏱
Reading Time

⏱ 12 Minutes

05
Lesson Level

Intermediate

◆
Concepts Covered

Debt-Based Money • Bank Lending • Credit Creation • Cantillon Effect

01
THE SYSTEM

A Debt-Based Monetary System

We are all in service to a money system based on simple injustice. It floods rich people with money taken from the poor. Money is created out of nothing for those who already have lots, and who know how to make more.

The system is not only unjust, it is also extremely bad for our world. It favours the insatiable and those with no sense of morality. Inequality becomes massive. Citizens who chase money without any consideration of the harm their activities do are given power. The outcome is our world today.

The longer we put up with this injustice, the shorter will be our time as a species on Earth.

For centuries people have known this. Opponents of the system are those who know and refuse to take advantage from it; but most of those who know do take advantage of the opportunities the system presents.

The facts of the system are known and described by critics from ancient times to the present day but they are not widely disseminated, for reasons that are obvious. The most obvious of these reasons is that if the system is to remain profitable, they must not be widely talked about.

The facts can be described in simple or in complex terms. Here I try to describe them as simply as possible.

KEY CONCEPT In today's monetary system, most money is not printed into existence—it is created when new debt is issued.
02
MONEY CREATION

How Money Is Created Today

Today, money creation is not complex. Gone are the days when money was gold or silver: today, a government or a bank creates debt from nothing, and the debt becomes money.

Laws authorise this debt being passed from person to person. If I have money, a bank owes me the amount. As the debt changes hands, so money passes from one person to another.

The money is an entirely theoretical debt from the government or the bank to the owner of the money—often in huge amounts. The process is profitable to borrower and lender.

The unjust laws that make this possible favour the rich, and also those who want to become rich.

If you borrow money from a bank or a government, you are NOT borrowing money deposited earlier by someone else (as we are taught at school); you are getting newly created money.

COMMERCIAL BANK CREDIT CREATION
A Loan Creates a New Deposit
BANK LOAN → NEW DEPOSIT → MONEY SUPPLY EXPANDS
?
THINK ABOUT THIS

If banks create new money whenever they issue loans, what happens to the money supply when borrowing continually increases?

03
CRITIQUE

Why Critics Consider the System Unjust

Poor people, on the other hand, borrow to stay alive—and their debts increase. As more and more of the world's money gets owned by the world's billionaires, it gets harder and harder for poor people to pay off their debts.

This is destructive for many reasons. Huge power goes into the wrong hands—ownership by people who are ruthlessly greedy. This gives rich people more money and makes poor people poorer.

This way of creating money has been used for centuries on-and-off and it has always resulted in huge and ever-growing inequality.

Recently, it has been adopted to concentrate power in the hands of those who are already powerful.

In the past, remedies were used to reduce the inequality, but today the inequality is carefully managed, and maintained as a power-source for the ruthless (or thoughtless) and greedy. The system creates oligarchies throughout the world.

Economists tend to skirt round these facts out of simple human self-interest, because economists are mostly employed by the powerful.

Of course, some economists are honest and straightforward; for instance, Michael Hudson writes:

MICHAEL HUDSON
"The debt system has transformed democracies into oligarchies throughout the world."
A DIFFERENT WAY TO THINK ABOUT MONEY CREATION If new money enters the economy through borrowing, then the first people who receive that money have the opportunity to spend it before prices fully adjust.
04
DISTRIBUTION

The Cantillon Effect

The Cantillon Effect describes a simple but powerful reality: newly created money does not reach everyone at the same time. Try our Cantillon Simulator

Those closest to the source of money creation receive and spend it before prices rise, while those further away face higher costs before their incomes adjust.

Named after eighteenth-century economist Richard Cantillon, the concept challenges the common assumption that money creation affects all participants in the economy equally.

Instead, the path that new money takes determines who benefits and who bears the costs.

THE CANTILLON EFFECT
New Money Does Not Arrive Everywhere at Once
NEW MONEY → EARLY RECIPIENTS → SPENDING → PRICE ADJUSTMENT → LATER RECIPIENTS
▶
INTERACTIVE SIMULATOR

Explore the Cantillon Effect Yourself

RUN THE MODEL Change where new money enters the economy and watch how its effects spread through financial markets, businesses, and households over time.
Launch the Cantillon Effect Simulator →
05
MONEY FLOW

How New Money Moves Through the Economy

Newly created money does not arrive everywhere at once. Those who receive it first spend it before prices have fully adjusted, while later recipients experience the effects of rising prices.

01
Commercial Bank

Commercial Bank

02
Issues Loan

Issues Loan

03
New Deposit Created

New Deposit Created

04
Money Supply Increases

Money Supply Increases

05
Money Is Spent

Money Is Spent

06
Early Recipients Benefit

Early Recipients Benefit

07
Prices Rise

Prices Rise

08
Later Recipients Experience Reduced Purchasing Power

Later Recipients Experience Reduced Purchasing Power

?
THINK ABOUT THIS

If new money always reaches some people before others, can money creation ever affect everyone equally?

06
EARLY RECIPIENTS

Who Benefits First?

In modern economies, new money is typically introduced through central banks, commercial banks, government spending, and financial markets.

The first recipients—large financial institutions, governments, major corporations, and asset holders—gain access to additional purchasing power before inflation spreads throughout the economy.

They can buy stocks, real estate, businesses, and goods at yesterday's prices.

As this new money circulates, demand increases and prices begin to rise.

By the time the effects reach wage earners, retirees, and savers, the purchasing power of their existing income and savings has often declined.

While they eventually receive higher wages or benefits, these increases frequently lag behind rising living costs.

TIMING MATTERS
EARLY RECIPIENTS Receive new purchasing power before prices fully adjust
VS
LATER RECIPIENTS Encounter higher prices before income fully adjusts
KEY CONCEPT The order in which new money enters the economy matters just as much as the amount of money created.
07
CONSEQUENCES

Why the Cantillon Effect Matters

The result is a redistribution of wealth. Those closest to money creation enjoy the greatest advantage, those connected to them benefit next, and those furthest away bear the burden through higher prices and reduced purchasing power.

Modern monetary policy enables the Cantillon Effect, which many economists argue helps explain rising asset prices, growing wealth inequality, and the widening gap between financial markets and the everyday economy.

Understanding the Cantillon Effect encourages us to look beyond headline inflation figures and ask a deeper question: who receives newly created money first, and how does that influence the economy?

THE QUESTION TO ASK Who receives newly created money first, and how does that influence the economy?
08
REVIEW

Lesson Summary

01
Lending

Most modern money is created through lending rather than physical printing.

02
New Deposits

Commercial bank loans create new deposits, expanding the money supply.

03
Gradual Distribution

Money enters the economy gradually, not all at once.

04
Early Recipients

Early recipients of newly created money can spend before prices fully adjust.

05
Later Recipients

Later recipients often experience reduced purchasing power as prices rise.

06
Cantillon Effect

This unequal distribution of new money is known as the Cantillon Effect.

❦
LESSON TAKEAWAY

The Path of New Money Matters

The Cantillon Effect describes a simple but powerful reality: newly created money does not reach everyone at the same time.

?
REFLECT & DISCUSS

Who Should Receive New Money First?

The Cantillon Effect suggests that the path newly created money takes can influence wealth, prices, and opportunity throughout the economy.

DISCUSSION QUESTION If every new dollar enters the economy through specific institutions first, should those institutions possess a lasting economic advantage over everyone else?

Consider how the sequence of money creation might affect different groups in society, then compare your conclusions with those of other members in the discussion forum.

Join the Discussion →
LOOKING AHEAD

Who Oversees the Monetary System?

We've explored how new money is created and why the order in which it enters the economy can influence prices, wealth, and purchasing power.

But another important question naturally follows:

Who oversees this monetary system, and who makes the decisions that influence the creation of money?

In the next lesson, we'll examine the history, structure, and role of the Federal Reserve System, including why it was created, how it operates, and the role it plays in modern monetary policy.

NEXT
MONETARY FOUNDATIONS · LESSON 06 The Federal Reserve: Legalized Plunder of the American People
→
END OF LESSON · COMMUNITY DISCUSSION

Continue the Conversation

Have a question or another perspective? Explore the contributions below and share what you have learned.

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MoneyMan ·Essential Reading ·4 months ago
The Great Taking, David Rogers Webb 2023

📖 Before You Read

Book Snapshot

  • Author: David Rogers Webb
  • Published: 2023
  • Difficulty: ★★★★☆ Advanced
  • Estimated Reading Time: 10–15 hours
  • Recommended After: Completing the Securities section, particularly You Don't Own Stocks the Way You Think You Do.
  • Purpose: Examine the legal architecture of modern financial markets, collateral law, securities custody, and the treatment of financial assets during systemic crises.

The Great Taking explores the legal and financial infrastructure governing modern securities markets and argues that decades of legislative and regulatory changes have fundamentally altered the nature of property rights in financial assets. David Rogers Webb contends that during a sufficiently severe financial crisis, these legal structures could determine the priority of claims on collateral and customer assets in ways that many investors do not fully understand.

Building upon concepts such as security entitlements, beneficial ownership, collateralization, and counterparty risk, the book examines how debt, financial intermediaries, and modern securities law interact during periods of systemic financial stress. Readers are encouraged to carefully evaluate the author's evidence, consult primary legal sources where appropriate, and compare the arguments presented with alternative interpretations of financial law and market structure.

📚 Concepts Reinforced

Property Rights Security Entitlements Collateral UCC Article 8 Counterparty Risk Beneficial Ownership Financial Intermediaries Systemic Risk Debt Cycles

✍️ About the Author

David Rogers Webb is an investor, financial analyst, and former hedge fund manager with experience in mergers and acquisitions, venture investing, and institutional asset management. During his investment career, his clients included major international institutional investors. His research focuses on financial market structure, collateral systems, securities law, and systemic financial risk.

🔍 Questions to Consider While Reading

  • What distinction does the author make between owning an asset and holding a contractual claim?
  • How does collateral function within the modern financial system?
  • How does the book expand upon the concepts introduced in the Securities section of the Academy?
  • What role does the Uniform Commercial Code play in the author's argument?
  • Which historical examples are used to support the book's conclusions?
  • Which claims would you like to verify through additional legal or historical research?

🔗 Resources

The author has made the complete book available free of charge through the official website.

💬 After Reading: Reflection & Discussion

This book presents a detailed examination of securities law, collateral, and systemic financial risk. Take time to reflect on how its arguments compare with the Securities lessons you've completed before joining the discussion below.

Reflection Questions

  • What aspect of the modern collateral system surprised you the most?
  • How did this book change—or reinforce—your understanding of property rights in financial markets?
  • Did the Securities lessons prepare you to understand the legal concepts discussed?
  • Which legal or historical claims deserve further investigation?
  • What reforms, if any, do you believe would strengthen investor property rights?

Join the Discussion

Share your thoughts below. Focus on the legal arguments, historical evidence, and implications for investors. Respectful, evidence-based discussion is encouraged.

Remember: Financial literacy extends beyond understanding investments—it also requires understanding the legal framework that determines ownership, custody, and priority of claims during periods of financial stress.
4 replies 623 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·4 months ago
Why Americans Feel Poor Even at $80,000 or $100,000
Extended Learning
The Measurement Illusion: Why Official Poverty Data No Longer Matches Reality
Research Series • Socioeconomic Systems • 18 Minute Read

Across the political spectrum, Americans are anxious, exhausted, and bewildered by an economy that feels impossible to survive, even for people working full-time and for families doing everything “right.”

And yet the official numbers—poverty rates, unemployment rates, GDP, inflation—tell a story of stability, even prosperity.

People don’t feel crazy; they feel gaslit by the data and their government. This disconnect is not imagined. It is structural, and it begins with a measurement error so invisible that most of us never thought to question it.

Recently, market researcher Michael Green explored this in his Substack essay Part 1: My Life Is a Lie - How a Broken Benchmark Quietly Broke America.

What he uncovered reframes how we understand poverty, cost of living, and why so many American families are emotionally and financially drowning.

If you have felt like you’re working harder and getting nowhere, or wondered why your parents could afford a life you can’t—you are not wrong.

This series aims to explain why.

The goal is not outrage or politics. It is orientation: to offer a truthful map of the landscape we are all walking through, so we can navigate it with clearer eyes and steadier footing.

❦

How One Outdated Formula Rewired Reality

For more than 60 years, the U.S. poverty line—the benchmark used to determine who is “poor,” who qualifies for assistance, and how we assess economic well-being—has been based on a single formula:

“Three times the cost of a minimum food diet in 1963, adjusted for inflation.”

This is the backbone of every poverty statistic politicians cite. It determines eligibility for food assistance, healthcare subsidies, housing support, childcare help, and more.

When researcher Mollie Orshansky created this model in 1963, it made sense. A typical family spent about one-third of its income on groceries. Food had consistent national price data. It was imperfect but proportionally aligned to real budgets.

Back then:

  • Food was 33% of a family’s budget
  • Housing was affordable
  • Healthcare cost next to nothing
  • Childcare wasn’t a market expense
  • A single income could support a family

Under those conditions, food × 3 was a reasonable measure of household crisis.

But today the structure has changed:

  • Food: 5–7%
  • Housing: 35–45%
  • Childcare: 20–40%
  • Healthcare: 15–25%

If Orshansky’s logic were updated to modern spending patterns, the multiplier is no longer three—it becomes closer to sixteen.

Which implies:

The real 2024 poverty line for a family of four is not $31,200. In high-cost regions, it is closer to $130,000–$150,000—enough to avoid financial collapse, not achieve comfort.

❦

A Note on the Numbers

Michael Green’s widely cited estimate (~$140,000 poverty line) was based on Essex County, New Jersey, using MIT Living Wage data. This was used as a case study, not a national average.

In more typical areas such as Lynchburg, Virginia, a two-adult, two-child household still requires roughly $94,000 annually to meet basic needs—nearly three times the federal poverty line.

In rural regions, including Vermont, category weights differ, but the underlying issue remains identical: housing, childcare, healthcare, transportation, and food costs have outpaced wages for decades.

The dollar amount changes by geography. The structural failure does not.

According to the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), 12.9% of Americans were in poverty in 2024. However, the SPM counts non-cash benefits like SNAP, tax credits, and housing assistance as income, meaning it measures poverty after intervention.

Once households move slightly above eligibility thresholds and lose those supports, the SPM no longer captures the resulting financial drop-off.

❦

Why Americans Feel Poor at $80K–$100K

A typical survival budget illustrates the gap between official definitions and lived reality. In Windham County, Vermont, for a two-adult, two-child household:

  • Childcare: $34,319
  • Housing: $16,316
  • Food: $14,684
  • Transportation: $16,305
  • Healthcare: $11,365
  • Civic obligations: $8,810
  • Internet & mobile: $2,011
  • Other essentials: $11,046

Total required income after taxes: $114,856
Required pre-tax income: $132,217

Under this reality, a household earning $80,000 is not “middle class” in functional terms. It is significantly below the cost of basic stability.

The federal poverty line for the same household is $31,200.

This gap reflects not marginal error, but a definition built on outdated assumptions about the structure of household spending.

You can explore regional data via the MIT Living Wage Calculator:

https://livingwage.mit.edu/

❦

The Trap in the Middle

As household income rises, families often lose access to support programs faster than their earnings increase. This creates a financial “cliff” effect.

At roughly $45,000, Medicaid eligibility may be lost, introducing premiums exceeding $10,000 annually.

Between $55,000 and $70,000, childcare assistance often disappears, exposing families to $25,000–$35,000 annual costs per household.

At $100,000, most support systems phase out entirely while core costs remain unchanged.

In some cases, earning more can temporarily worsen a household’s financial position.
❦

Why This Matters for Vermont

Vermont illustrates the structural mismatch clearly. Housing costs, childcare shortages, healthcare access constraints, and transportation burdens amplify the gap between wages and survival costs.

When federal definitions classify a family of four as “not poor” at $32,000, but childcare alone can exceed $18,000 per child, the measurement system becomes disconnected from lived experience.

When key federal datasets such as the USDA Household Food Security Report are removed or discontinued, public visibility into these pressures declines further.

The concern is not only statistical accuracy but institutional transparency in measuring hardship.

❦

Why I’m Writing This Series

People across the country are exhausted and many are blaming themselves for conditions that are structurally produced.

This work builds on Michael Green’s analysis by expanding context and interpretation.

The central claim is simple: many households are not failing within the system—the system is failing to measure them accurately.

And the first step in addressing that is seeing it clearly.

https://suzannegulick.substack.com/p/the-broken-math-of-american-poverty
4 replies 611 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·2 weeks ago
Inflation Is Falling. So Why Are Groceries Still So Expensive?

Inflation Is Falling. So Why Are Groceries Still So Expensive?

Have you ever heard that inflation is coming down, then gone grocery shopping and wondered what everyone was talking about?

The explanation comes down to a distinction that is easy to overlook.

A declining inflation rate does not necessarily mean declining prices.

Consider a hypothetical grocery basket:

  • Year 1: $100

  • Year 2: $110 — a 10% increase

  • Year 3: $115.50 — a 5% increase

  • Year 4: $118.97 — a 3% increase

Inflation has fallen from 10% to 3%.

Yet the same basket still costs nearly 19% more than it did three years earlier.

This is called disinflation: prices are rising more slowly, but the price level continues increasing.

Actual deflation would mean prices declining.

This distinction helps explain why reports of declining inflation can feel disconnected from everyday experience.

There is also the question of wages.

Even if prices stop increasing rapidly, households may remain financially strained if their incomes have not caught up with the higher price level.

A lower inflation rate does not automatically restore previously lost purchasing power.

Nor do all prices move together. Groceries, housing, utilities, and insurance can follow different paths from the national average.

Here's the question: Should the public conversation focus less on the annual inflation rate and more on cumulative increases in the cost of necessities relative to household income?

Because knowing that prices are rising more slowly is useful.

But knowing whether people can actually afford what they need may be even more important.

MoneyMan ·Monetary Policy ·4 months ago
Why We Are Confused: Money vs. Currency
MONETARY LITERACY & MASTERY FOUNDATION
LESSON 02 · MONETARY FOUNDATIONS

Money vs. Currency

In the previous lesson, you explored how Federal Reserve Notes, bank credit, and debt interact within the modern monetary system. Now we turn to a more fundamental question: What distinguishes money from currency? Although the terms are often used interchangeably, they represent distinct concepts. Understanding that distinction is one of the most important foundations of monetary literacy.

ACADEMY FOUNDATIONS 6 MINUTE READ
LESSON 02 FOUNDATIONS
ACADEMY LESSON MONETARY FOUNDATIONS
LESSON SNAPSHOT

Money vs. Currency

⏱
Reading Time

⏱ 6 Minutes

02
Lesson Level

Foundations

◆
Concepts Covered

Money • Currency • Store of Value • Inflation

01
START HERE

A Common Misunderstanding

In everyday conversation, "money" and "currency" are often used interchangeably. But conflating the two is not just a harmless semantic slip—it is a conceptual trap that has profound consequences for how we think about wealth, savings, and even freedom.

FROM THE READING ROOM

A Perspective from Murray Rothbard

“Few economic subjects are more tangled, more confused than money.”

— Murray N. Rothbard · Introduction

Rothbard's opening observation highlights why clear definitions matter. Before exploring monetary history or modern banking, we must first understand what we mean by money—and how it differs from currency.

What Has Government Done to Our Money? Essential Reading · Murray N. Rothbard (1963)
Explore the Book
02
CURRENCY

What Is Currency?

Currency is, at its core, a tool of exchange. It is what we hand over at the grocery store, tap on a phone to pay for coffee, or swipe at an online checkout.

Currency satisfies essential functions: it is portable, divisible, durable, and fungible. In other words, it is convenient, replaceable, and can be broken into smaller units without losing value. It also serves as a unit of account, giving us a common standard for pricing goods and services.

THE FUNCTIONS OF CURRENCY
Built for Exchange
PORTABLE → DIVISIBLE → DURABLE → FUNGIBLE → UNIT OF ACCOUNT
KEY CONCEPT Currency excels as a medium of exchange—but that does not necessarily make it good money.
03
MONEY

What Makes Money Different?

Yet, as practical as currency is, it fails at the most critical test of money: being a reliable store of value over time.

A $100 bill today might buy only a fraction of what it could purchase a decade ago. Currency, particularly fiat currency, is subject to inflation, policy shifts, and political whims. It is fleeting by design—here today, diminished tomorrow.

True money, historically, is different. It carries all the functional traits of currency but adds a crucial element: value retention across generations.

KEY DISTINCTION
CURRENCY A medium of exchange designed for everyday transactions.
VS
MONEY Carries the functions of currency while also preserving value through time.
?
THINK ABOUT THIS

If something continually loses purchasing power, can it truly be called money?

04
HISTORICAL BENCHMARK

Gold: The Historical Benchmark

Gold is the archetype. It is portable, divisible, fungible, durable, and serves as a unit of account—but unlike paper currency, gold has historically maintained purchasing power over centuries.

This durability transforms money into something more than a transactional tool. It becomes a temporal anchor for wealth, a hedge against uncertainty, and a quiet rebellion against the impermanence imposed by governments or banks.

PORTABLE DIVISIBLE FUNGIBLE DURABLE
FUNCTIONS OF CURRENCY Useful for exchange and accounting
THE ADDITIONAL TEST Store of Value Across Time
05
WHY IT MATTERS

Why the Distinction Matters

The distinction is not trivial. Treating currency as money is a conceptual error that encourages short-term thinking and false security.

It lulls people into believing that a ledger entry in a bank or a digit on a screen is as enduring as the gold coins that once crossed oceans in merchants' pockets.

In reality, currency is a medium of convenience—not a medium of preservation.

TWO DIFFERENT PURPOSES
Exchange vs. Preservation
CURRENCY → CONVENIENCE • MONEY → PRESERVATION
?
A QUESTION WORTH ASKING

Are you storing your labor and time in instruments that lose purchasing power—or in assets that preserve value across decades?

06
PERSPECTIVE

Changing the Way We Think

We are living in a world where most of what we call "money" is actually currency designed to erode in value over time.

This isn't merely an academic debate—it is a challenge to rethink our relationship with wealth.

Understanding this difference isn't just financial literacy—it is intellectual emancipation. Recognizing that currency is ephemeral while money is enduring changes how we save, invest, and even perceive freedom.

Those who grasp this distinction gain not only a clearer view of economics but also a sharper lens for navigating the politics and psychology of value itself.

THE CENTRAL DISTINCTION Currency is ephemeral while money is enduring.
07
REVIEW

Lesson Summary

01
Distinct Concepts

Money and currency are related but distinct concepts.

02
Medium of Exchange

Currency is designed primarily as a medium of exchange.

03
Store of Value

Money also functions as a long-term store of value.

04
Inflation

Inflation gradually reduces the purchasing power of fiat currency.

05
Wealth & Saving

Confusing currency with money can distort how we think about wealth and saving.

❦
LESSON TAKEAWAY

Money and Currency Are Not the Same Thing

Understanding the distinction between money and currency is one of the most important milestones in monetary literacy. Nearly every major debate about inflation, banking, and monetary policy begins with this simple distinction.

CONTINUE YOUR JOURNEY

See the Difference Visually

Understanding the distinction between money and currency is one of the most important milestones in monetary literacy. Nearly every major debate about inflation, banking, and monetary policy begins with this simple distinction.

For a visual explanation of these concepts, watch Hidden Secrets of Money – Episode 1 before continuing to the next lesson.

▶ Watch Episode 1 NEXT
MONETARY FOUNDATIONS · LESSON 03 Sound Money
→
END OF LESSON · COMMUNITY DISCUSSION

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MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·3 weeks ago
Goldwin Smith’s Dire Warnings About Paper Money Matter More Than Ever

Goldwin Smith’s Dire Warnings About Paper Money Matter More Than Ever

Goldwin Smith’s Dire Warnings About Paper Money Matter More Than Ever

In 1883, Goldwin Smith gave an address, later published as False Hopes: Or, Fallacies Socialistic and Semi-Socialistic, Briefly Answered, taking on a number of the political and economic fallacies of his time. His remarks on inconvertible paper money are still worth considering today....

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MoneyMan ·Questions & Feedback ·3 weeks ago
Introducing the MLMF Knowledge Navigator: Start With a Question

Introducing the MLMF Knowledge Navigator: Start With a Question

Introducing the MLMF Knowledge Navigator: Start With a Question

Introducing the MLMF Knowledge NavigatorAs the Monetary Literacy & Mastery Foundation has grown, so has the amount of material available to explore. MLMF now includes structured lessons, glossary entries, Extended Studies, interactive tools, documentaries, Essential Reading, assessments, and Spe...

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MoneyMan ·Monetary Policy ·5 months ago
Understanding the Modern Monetary System
MONETARY LITERACY & MASTERY FOUNDATION
LESSON 01 · MONETARY FOUNDATIONS

Understanding the Modern Monetary System

Before going deeper into money, banking, and monetary policy, we first need a broad understanding of what the currency in our wallets actually is and how it comes into existence.

ACADEMY FOUNDATIONS 4 MINUTE READ
LESSON 01 FOUNDATIONS
ACADEMY LESSON MONETARY FOUNDATIONS
LESSON SNAPSHOT

Understanding the Modern Monetary System

⏱
Reading Time

⏱ 4 Minutes

01
Lesson Level

Foundations

◆
Concepts Covered

Federal Reserve • Currency • Debt • Credit Creation

01
LOOK CLOSER

What Is in Your Wallet?

Take a bill of currency we use in the United States out of your wallet and look closely at it.

It says dollar or dollars on it, but under the historical definitions of a dollar, what you are holding is not really a dollar in the traditional sense.

It is also not what this course defines as money. It is a bill of credit used as currency.

A SIMPLE WAY TO THINK ABOUT IT All money can be used as currency, but not all currency is money.
02
THE ISSUER

Federal Reserve Note

The currency in your hand is also not issued as a United States Treasury Note.

If it were a Treasury Note, those words would appear somewhere on the bill. Instead, look at the words printed across the top:

LOOK AT THE BILL
Federal Reserve Note
FEDERAL • RESERVE • NOTE

Those words identify the issuer. Federal Reserve Notes are issued through the Federal Reserve System rather than directly as Treasury Notes.

The regional Federal Reserve Banks are privately structured institutions whose member banks hold stock. Congress granted the Federal Reserve System its sole monopoly in issuing the nation's paper currency.

03
DEBT

A Debt-Based Monetary System

Our current monetary system is a debt-based monetary system.

In simple terms, debt is deeply connected to our currency, and our currency is deeply connected to debt.

Dollars enter the system through lending and credit creation. Commercial banks create new deposit currency when they issue loans, while central-bank operations also operate through credit and debt instruments.

THE BASIC MECHANISM
Debt Creates Currency
LOAN → NEW DEPOSIT → NEW CURRENCY → DEBT OWED

In that sense, we routinely pay our bills using currency that entered circulation alongside debt.

If all bank loans were repaid, the deposit currency created by those loans would be extinguished along with them.

04
INTEREST

The Continuing Debt Cycle

These loans must also be paid back with interest.

When the loan is created, the principal is created as new deposit currency. The additional interest owed on the loan is not created as part of that same loan.

This means borrowers must obtain the currency needed to pay interest from money already circulating in the economy, from income, or through additional borrowing.

As new debt is created, it produces new principal and creates new interest obligations of its own.

THE DEBT CYCLE
New Debt Creates New Obligations
NEW DEBT → NEW CURRENCY → INTEREST OWED → MORE DEBT

This can create a near-continuous cycle in which increasing amounts of debt are needed to sustain an economy built around credit.

The cycle cannot expand without limit. At some point, debt growth can become difficult to sustain, which can lead to defaults, contraction, or a broader financial crisis.

❦
LESSON TAKEAWAY

Currency, Credit & Debt Are Connected

The bill in your wallet is a Federal Reserve Note. It operates inside a debt-based monetary system in which much of the currency we use is created through lending. Understanding that basic relationship gives us the foundation for everything that follows.

CONTINUE LEARNING · LESSON INSIGHT 1.1 Continue with Lesson Insight 1.1 below to explore the relationship between debt, credit expansion, and monetary growth in greater depth.
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MoneyMan ·Documentary & Video ·4 months ago
Richard Werner Exposes the Evils of the Fed & the Link Between Banking, War, and the CIA

🎬 Before You Watch

Documentary Snapshot

  • Length: 2 hours, 43 minutes, 7 seconds
  • Difficulty: ★★★★☆ Advanced
  • Recommended After: Completing Monetary Policy, Banking Basics, and the previous documentary discussions.
  • Purpose: Hear economist Richard Werner explain how commercial banks create money, how credit influences the economy, and how banking intersects with government policy, financial crises, and international affairs.

In this long-form interview, internationally recognized economist Richard Werner discusses the mechanics of money creation, commercial banking, central banking, financial crises, quantitative easing, and the evolution of the modern financial system. The discussion also explores broader historical and geopolitical topics relating to banking, government, and war.

Unlike shorter documentaries, this conversation allows ideas to be developed in greater depth and with greater nuance. As always, students are encouraged to evaluate the evidence presented, consult additional sources where appropriate, and form their own informed conclusions.

📚 Concepts Reinforced

Bank Credit Creation Commercial Banking Central Banking Money Creation Quantitative Easing Financial Crises Government Debt Economic History Monetary Policy

🔍 Key Questions to Consider

As you listen, compare Dr. Werner's explanations with the concepts you've already studied throughout the Academy. Pay particular attention to how his explanations of bank credit creation relate to the Banking Basics lessons.

  • How does Richard Werner explain where money comes from?
  • What distinguishes bank credit creation from the common belief that banks simply lend existing deposits?
  • How does bank lending influence economic growth, inflation, and financial crises?
  • What role does quantitative easing play within the modern financial system?
  • How do Dr. Werner's explanations compare with what you've learned throughout the Monetary Policy and Banking Basics sections?
  • Which historical or geopolitical arguments presented deserve additional independent research?
  • What policy changes does Dr. Werner suggest, and what evidence does he provide to support them?

💬 After Watching: Reflection & Discussion

This interview covers a broad range of topics and connects many of the concepts introduced throughout the Academy. Take some time to reflect before participating in the discussion below.

Reflection Questions

  • Which explanation by Dr. Werner helped you better understand the banking system?
  • Did this interview change your understanding of how commercial banks create money?
  • How did the discussion of quantitative easing and financial crises compare with previous lessons?
  • Which historical or geopolitical topics would you like to research further?
  • What ideas or proposals discussed in the interview did you find most compelling?

Join the Discussion

Share your observations below. Which concepts stood out most? Did this interview reinforce ideas from earlier lessons or challenge your previous understanding? Support your viewpoints with evidence whenever possible, and engage respectfully with other members.

Remember: Long-form conversations provide an opportunity to explore complex ideas in greater depth. The objective is not simply to accept or reject arguments, but to carefully evaluate evidence, compare perspectives, and continue building your understanding of how monetary and banking systems operate.
2 replies 591 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Essential Reading ·5 months ago
The Case Against the Fed, Murray Rothbard 1994

📖 Before You Read

Book Snapshot

  • Author: Murray N. Rothbard
  • Published: 1994
  • Difficulty: ★★★☆☆ Intermediate
  • Estimated Reading Time: 4–6 hours
  • Recommended After: What Has Government Done to Our Money? and End the Fed.
  • Purpose: Examine the origins, structure, and monetary role of the Federal Reserve through the lens of Austrian economics.

The Case Against the Fed builds upon the monetary principles introduced in Rothbard's earlier work by focusing specifically on the creation, evolution, and operation of the Federal Reserve System. Beginning with the origins of money and banking, Rothbard traces the development of fractional reserve banking and the movement toward centralized banking in the United States.

The book examines the political and financial events surrounding the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913, the interests involved in its creation, and the institution's influence on inflation, credit expansion, and business cycles throughout the twentieth century. Rothbard also presents the Austrian School's arguments regarding central banking and monetary reform.

Readers should approach the book as one perspective within a broader discussion about monetary institutions, comparing its historical claims and economic arguments with other scholarly sources and viewpoints presented throughout the Academy.

📚 Concepts Reinforced

Federal Reserve Central Banking Fractional Reserve Banking Money Creation Inflation Business Cycles Austrian Economics Monetary History Sound Money

✍️ About the Author

Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995) was an American economist, historian, and political philosopher who helped shape the modern Austrian School of Economics. A student of Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard authored numerous influential works on monetary theory, banking, economic history, and political philosophy. His writings continue to be widely studied by scholars and advocates of free-market economics and sound money.

🔍 Questions to Consider While Reading

  • How does Rothbard describe the evolution from commodity money to central banking?
  • What historical events does he identify as leading to the creation of the Federal Reserve?
  • How does the author explain the relationship between money creation and the business cycle?
  • What role do political and financial interests play in the history presented?
  • How do Rothbard's conclusions compare with those of The Creature from Jekyll Island and End the Fed?
  • Which historical claims would you like to investigate further using primary sources?

💬 After Reading: Reflection & Discussion

Having completed The Case Against the Fed, reflect on how Rothbard connects monetary theory with the historical development of the Federal Reserve. Consider how this work complements the Monetary Policy lessons and the other books in the Foundation Library before joining the discussion below.

Reflection Questions

  • Which part of the Federal Reserve's history did you find most informative?
  • How does this book build upon the concepts introduced in What Has Government Done to Our Money??
  • What role does Rothbard believe central banking plays in inflation and economic cycles?
  • How do his conclusions compare with those presented by G. Edward Griffin and Ron Paul?
  • What questions remain unanswered after reading the book?

Join the Discussion

Share your thoughts, historical observations, and questions below. Compare the arguments presented here with the other monetary policy resources throughout the Academy, and support your conclusions with evidence whenever possible. Respectful, evidence-based discussion is encouraged.

1 reply 528 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·4 months ago
Hidden Secrets of Value
Extended Learning
Price vs. Value: Why the Difference Matters
Research Paper • Beginner • 6 Minute Read

Imagine walking into a store and seeing a watch priced at $10,000.

Is it expensive?

Perhaps.

But is it worth $10,000?

That is a completely different question.

One of the most important concepts in economics—and one that is often overlooked—is the distinction between price and value.

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Price Is Objective

Price is simply the amount of money exchanged for a good or service.

If a loaf of bread costs $4.00, then its price is $4.00. Everyone sees the same number.

Price is measurable.

Value is not.

Price is determined in the marketplace. Value is determined in the mind of the individual.
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Value Is Subjective

Value exists in the mind of the individual.

A bottle of water has little value to someone sitting comfortably at home, but it may be priceless to a hiker stranded in the desert.

The object hasn't changed.

Only the circumstances have.

Likewise, a rare baseball card may be nearly worthless to someone with no interest in sports, while a collector may gladly pay thousands of dollars for it.

Key Concept

Two people can assign completely different values to the exact same item. The item's price may remain constant, but its value depends entirely on the preferences, needs, and circumstances of the individual evaluating it.

Price may be fixed.

Value depends on the individual.

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When Something Is Overpriced

People often say an item is "overpriced."

What they really mean is that the asking price exceeds the value they personally receive from owning it.

A luxury handbag may cost $3,000.

One person may see craftsmanship, exclusivity, and quality worth every dollar.

Another may see only leather and stitching.

The price is identical.

The perceived value is not.

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When Something Is Overvalued

The term overvalued is commonly used in investing.

It refers to situations where the market price of an asset is believed to exceed its underlying or fundamental value.

During speculative bubbles, investors may bid prices higher because they expect someone else to pay even more in the future—not necessarily because the asset has become more productive or useful.

History is filled with examples:

  • Tulip Mania
  • The Dot-Com Bubble
  • The Housing Bubble
  • Various cryptocurrency booms and busts

Whether an asset is truly overvalued is often debated, but the concept reminds us that market prices and underlying value are not always the same.

Market prices can change in an instant. Underlying value often changes much more slowly.
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Why This Matters

Understanding the difference between price and value changes the way you think about money.

Instead of asking:

"How much does it cost?"

You begin asking:

"What am I receiving in return?"

That shift influences nearly every financial decision you make—from everyday purchases to long-term investments.

It also helps explain why markets sometimes appear irrational. Prices move constantly, but value often changes much more slowly.

Learning to distinguish between the two is one of the foundations of sound economic thinking.

Reflection

Before making any purchase or investment, ask yourself whether you are paying for genuine value or simply paying the current market price. Developing the habit of separating the two is one of the most valuable skills in economics and investing.

❦

Learn More

This article pairs well with Alan Hibbard's Hidden Secrets of Money, which explores the nature of money, currency, and value.

As you watch, consider this question:

Does the price of something determine its value—or is value something each individual decides for themselves?

The answer lies at the heart of economics.


2 replies 500 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·4 months ago
Social Security is a Ponzi Scheme
Extended Learning
Social Security: Structural Reality vs Political Narrative
Research Paper • Public Finance • 15 Minute Read

Ida May Fuller, the first person to receive a Social Security check, worked for just three years before receiving her first benefit (in 1940). Over that time, the total taxes deducted from her salary amounted to a mere $24.75. Yet her first monthly check came in at $22.54, almost matching her entire contribution. Over the course of her lifetime, Fuller collected $22,888.92 in Social Security benefits. That’s equivalent to nearly half a million in today’s dollars and about 1,000 times what she had paid in taxes.

Some people continue to believe that Social Security functions as a mandatory savings system. But that’s not how this program works. Unlike a genuine savings account, where individual contributions accumulate and grow over time, Social Security’s structure is far more akin to a classic Ponzi scheme. Early recipients received far more in benefits than they ever paid in, while future generations face escalating costs to sustain the system.

Fuller’s case is a glaring example of how Social Security was never designed as a true savings system. Early beneficiaries, like her, reaped enormous gains because the program relied on payroll taxes from younger, growing workforces to cover payouts. Today’s workers, however, face an increasingly unbalanced equation. They are being asked to pay ever-higher taxes to support a system that offers far less in return than what earlier generations enjoyed.

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The Changing Worker-to-Retiree Ratio

The math has fundamentally changed. In 1950, there were about 16 workers paying into Social Security for every retiree. Today, that number has dwindled to just 2.7 workers per retiree, and it’s projected to fall further to 2.4 workers per retiree by 2035. As the worker-to-retiree ratio shrinks, the system faces increasing strain. This demographic shift is one of the primary drivers of Social Security’s financing issues. Fewer workers supporting more retirees means higher taxes or reduced benefits—or both—to keep the program afloat.

The required changes are substantial. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the payroll tax would need to immediately increase from 12.4 percent to 16.7 percent to cover the program’s long-term actuarial deficit of more than $25 trillion. In numbers, a median worker earning $61,000 would need to pay an extra $2,600 in payroll taxes, bringing their total payroll tax burden above $10,000.

On the flip side, the CBO projects that benefits would need to be cut by 23 percent in 2035 to meet incoming payroll tax revenues.

Another major reason that Social Security is financially unsustainable is because Congress repeatedly expanded benefits. From including spouses and survivors, to indexing initial benefits to wage growth, to adopting automatic cost-of-living adjustments, Congress has a long history of expanding Social Security, especially come election time.

Even Ida May Fuller herself grew concerned about the program’s unsustainable expansion. When Congress proposed yet another benefit increase in 1970, Fuller voiced her opposition. “It’s been raised as far as it ought to go,” she said. “Every time they raise it, they raise the amount taken away from the working people who pay into it and it’s just getting to be too much of a burden.”

Fuller’s warning rings true today. Social Security extracts significant resources from workers while offering them less in return. Most workers would be better off if Social Security didn’t exist and they had saved the money they paid in payroll taxes in accounts that they owned and controlled instead.

Alas, Congress has made millions of Americans largely dependent on Social Security for their retirement income by incentivizing them to work and save less than they otherwise would have. Transitioning away from this unsustainable system will be costly and politically painful. We can begin by reducing the growth of future benefits, increasing the age at which new beneficiaries can claim Social Security, and discontinuing cost-of-living adjustments for wealthier Americans to reduce their benefits slowly over time.

Bolder changes would transition the program away from an earnings-related benefit to a poverty-targeted, predictable benefit. Significant benefit changes are necessary to reduce payroll taxes and enable workers to save more in private accounts that they personally own.

It’s time to confront the painful but necessary truth that no matter what story politicians told, Social Security has always been an income transfer program, not a savings system. Today’s Social Security is increasingly burdening future generations with the threats of higher taxes and inflation. A more effective approach would design Social Security as a safety net to prevent senior poverty while empowering workers to have greater control over their retirement security.

https://www.cato.org/blog/truth-about-social-security-legal-ponzi-scheme

3 replies 645 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Financial News & Discussion ·1 month ago
Gold Bond Advocate Judy Shelton Joins Treasury Amid Bond Market Strains

GFN – WASHINGTON: Judy Shelton has joined the Treasury Department as counselor to Secretary Scott Bessent, bringing an advocate of gold-convertible government bonds into his office as inflation and deficit concerns drive up U.S. borrowing costs.

Her 2024 book, Good as Gold: How to Unleash the Power of Sound Money, develops the case for using gold-convertible Treasury debt to protect long-term bondholders. She has advocated a 50-year bond backed by U.S. gold reserves, with conversion into metal available at maturity.

Shelton argues investors would accept lower yields in exchange for that protection, reducing federal borrowing costs.

In a move likely to send shockwaves through the corridors of the Federal Reserve, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent has appointed renowned economist Judy Shelton as Counselor to the Treasury Secretary. This strategic hiring, finalized on September 30, 2026, positions Shelton, a long-time critic of fiat currency and proponent of sound money, inside the heart of America's financial decision-making apparatus.

Shelton is no stranger to controversy. During President Trump's first term, her nomination to the Federal Reserve Board was thwarted by Senate Republicans who viewed her advocacy for a return to the gold standard with skepticism. Now, with her new role in the Treasury, Shelton brings her anti-establishment monetary philosophy to the forefront at a time when inflation and federal debt have reached critical levels.

This appointment is not just a personnel change; it's a symbolic strike against decades of monetary policy that critics claim have hollowed out the U.S. economy. For years, Shelton has argued that tying the U.S. dollar to a tangible asset like gold could prevent unchecked fiscal expansion and restore stability to the nation's finances. Her arrival at the Treasury could signal the beginning of significant policy shifts aimed at challenging the status quo.

The timing could not be more significant. As Bessent and Shelton assume roles together, Shelton's prophetic words from 2024 ring loud: "But in 2026. Stay tuned." In recruiting Shelton, Bessent is sending an unambiguous message: the days of unchecked money printing overseen by the Federal Reserve are under scrutiny and potential restructuring.

Shelton's appointment deals a blow to the legacy of fiat currency that dawned when Richard Nixon removed the dollar from the gold standard in 1971. Opponents of fiat argue it has enabled fiscal irresponsibility and the concentration of economic power. With Shelton's advocacy for monetary reform now influencing U.S. policy directly, the debate over gold and sound economic practices is rekindled.

While the return of the gold standard is not imminent, Shelton's presence in Treasury underscores a pivotal challenge to the fiat currency order. Her perspective indicates a shift towards policies emphasizing fiscal discipline and currency stability, potentially altering the landscape of U.S. economic policy.

The ramifications of Shelton's policies on everyday Americans remain to be seen, but her track record suggests a focus on serving stable, practical economic interests over speculative financial engineering. As this story unfolds, it invites reflection: Is this the dawn of a new era defined by economic realism?

https://vblgoldfix.substack.com/p/gold-bond-advocate-judy-shelton-joins

1 reply 209 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·3 weeks ago
You Got Richer on the Tax Form—and Nowhere Else

You Got Richer on the Tax Form—and Nowhere Else

You Got Richer on the Tax Form—and Nowhere Else

You Got Richer on the Tax Form—and Nowhere ElseSuppose you buy an asset for $100,000. A year later, it is worth $110,000. On paper, you made $10,000. Your investment rose 10 percent, so it looks like you are 10 percent richer.Now suppose prices throughout the economy also rose 10 percent during that...

Read the full article →

MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·3 weeks ago
Special Studies
MONETARY LITERACY & MASTERY FOUNDATION
EXTENDED STUDIES · SPECIAL COLLECTION

Special Studies

Independent explorations of monetary history, institutions, crises, and contested ideas.

EXTENDED STUDIES 3 FEATURES EXPLORE FREELY
SPECIAL 03 STUDIES
EXTENDED STUDIES RESEARCH · HISTORY · ANALYSIS
COLLECTION GUIDE Special Studies
01
MONETARY HISTORY The Monetary Record
02
MONETARY CRISIS When Currency Fails
03
CLAIMS & EVIDENCE Myth vs. Reality
SPECIAL STUDIES COLLECTION

Explore Beyond the Curriculum

Not every subject fits neatly into a lesson or research paper. Special Studies brings together MLMF's standalone investigations, interactive historical records, and deeper examinations of important monetary questions.

01
Monetary History

Trace monetary systems, currencies, institutions, crises, and reforms through time.

02
Monetary Failure

Examine what happens when confidence in a currency or monetary regime begins to break down.

03
Claims & Evidence

Compare familiar monetary claims with historical evidence, institutional structure, and competing interpretations.

01
INTERACTIVE HISTORICAL ARCHIVE

The Monetary Record

Follow monetary systems across more than two thousand years—from ancient coinage and metallic standards to central banking, fiat currency, commercial-bank credit, and the modern monetary system.

Explore major monetary reforms, currency lifecycles, financial crises, institutional changes, and the pressures that transformed monetary systems over time.

EXPLORE THE RECORD
More Than Two Millennia of Monetary Change
TIMELINE • CURRENCIES • CRISES • SOURCES
Explore The Monetary Record →
02
MONETARY FAILURE

When Currency Fails

What happens when confidence in money begins to break down?

Examine the forces that can weaken or destroy a currency: fiscal pressure, monetary expansion, political instability, rapid inflation, currency substitution, and declining confidence in the monetary regime.

◆
Monetary Crises

Examine periods in which monetary stability deteriorated or disappeared.

↑
Inflation

Follow the interaction between monetary expansion, confidence, and rising prices.

$
Fiscal Pressure

Consider how government financing pressure can interact with the monetary system.

◎
Historical Cases

Compare different monetary failures rather than treating every crisis as mechanically identical.

Examine When Currency Fails →
03
CLAIMS & EVIDENCE

Myth vs. Reality

Put familiar monetary claims under closer examination.

Separate simplified explanations from the underlying mechanics by comparing common claims with institutional structure, historical evidence, primary records, and competing interpretations.

INVESTIGATE THE CLAIM
What Does the Evidence Actually Show?
CLAIM → EVIDENCE → CONTEXT → CONCLUSION
Explore Myth vs. Reality →
HOW TO USE SPECIAL STUDIES Choose the question that interests you, follow the evidence, and then connect what you discover back to the lessons, research, tools, and discussions throughout the Foundation.
→
RESEARCH PATH

Research Outward. Then Connect It Back.

01
Choose a Study

Begin with the historical, crisis, or investigative subject that interests you.

02
Follow the Evidence

Examine monetary mechanics, records, sources, data, and competing interpretations.

03
Return to the Academy

Connect what you discover to MLMF lessons, Extended Studies papers, simulations, reference material, and community discussion.

❦
AN EXPANDING COLLECTION

More Special Studies Will Be Added

Special Studies provides a permanent home for substantial MLMF projects that do not belong to a single Academy lesson or conventional Extended Studies paper.

MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·4 weeks ago
What Is Monetary Mastery? And Why Is It Different From Money Mastery and Financial Mastery?

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What Is Monetary Mastery? And Why Is It Different from Money Mastery or Financial Mastery?Understanding how to manage money is important. Understanding the system that creates, distributes, and determines the value of money is something entirely different.Most people spend their lives learning how t...

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MoneyMan ·Questions & Feedback ·4 weeks ago
Introducing Study Tools: Notes and Learning Progress for MLMF Members

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Introducing Study Tools: Notes and Learning Progress for MLMF MembersLearning is easier when you can keep track of what you are studying, save important thoughts, and return to where you left off.That is why we have introduced a new Study Tools feature for logged-in members of the Monetary Literacy...

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1 reply 97 Read more →
MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·1 month ago
Deficit Spending and the Transfer of Costs to Future Generations

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Deficit Spending and the Transfer of Costs to Future GenerationsWhen a government spends more than it collects in revenue, it must cover the difference. The usual methods are borrowing from the public or, in some cases, creating new money. Both approaches allow higher spending today. Both also shift...

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MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·1 month ago
Currency Debasement: A Recurring Factor in the Decline of Empires

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MoneyMan ·Extended Studies ·1 month ago
How Much Money Does an Economy Need?
Extended Learning
How Much Money Does an Economy Actually Need?
Research Paper • Intermediate • 12 Minute Read

Modern monetary policy begins with an assumption that is so familiar it is rarely questioned: as an economy grows, the quantity of money should generally grow with it.

More people are working. More goods are being produced. More transactions are taking place. It therefore seems intuitive that an expanding economy must require an expanding supply of money.

Economist Murray N. Rothbard challenged that assumption at its foundation. Across works including The Mystery of Banking, What Has Government Done to Our Money?, and Man, Economy, and State, Rothbard argued that money is fundamentally different from ordinary economic goods.

More food can feed more people. More houses can shelter more families. More machinery can expand productive capacity. But creating additional monetary units does not, by itself, create another house, automobile, factory, barrel of oil, bushel of wheat, or hour of productive labor.

“Any supply of money will be equally optimal with any other.”

— Murray N. Rothbard, The Mystery of Banking
❦

Money Is Not the Same Thing as Wealth

Rothbard's argument begins with a distinction that is essential to monetary literacy: money and wealth are not the same thing.

Suppose an economy contains houses, automobiles, factories, food, energy, machinery, land, natural resources, and millions of hours of human labor. Those things constitute real economic wealth.

Now imagine that the number of dollars in that economy suddenly doubles.

Has the number of houses doubled?

Have twice as many automobiles appeared?

Are there suddenly twice as many factories, farms, machines, or skilled workers?

No. The economy contains the same real goods and productive resources it possessed before.

What has changed is the number of monetary units being used to express claims against those resources.

Rothbard therefore argued that increasing the quantity of money cannot make society as a whole wealthier merely by increasing the number of monetary units people possess. As prices adjust to the larger supply, the purchasing power represented by each individual unit changes.

Key Distinction

Real wealth consists of goods, services, productive capacity, resources, and human knowledge. Money facilitates exchange between those things. Increasing the number of monetary units does not automatically increase the quantity of real wealth available to society.

❦

How Much Money Is Enough?

This leads to the question Rothbard considered surprisingly easy to answer:

How much money does an economy actually need?

His answer was that there is no particular quantity that an economy must possess.

Imagine two otherwise identical economies.

One contains $100 billion of money.

The other contains $1 trillion.

If both economies possess the same real goods, productive capacity, population, and resources, the second economy is not automatically ten times richer simply because its monetary units are ten times more numerous.

Prices would instead adjust to the quantity of money available.

A house that costs $100,000 under one monetary arrangement might carry a much larger numerical price under another. Bread, labor, land, machinery, and every other good would likewise be denominated in different numbers.

The numbers change.

The underlying real economy does not.

The economy does not require a particular number of dollars. It requires a functioning medium of exchange whose purchasing power can adjust to the quantity available.
❦

What Happens When the Economy Grows?

The strongest challenge to Rothbard's argument appears when the economy itself expands.

Suppose the quantity of money remains approximately unchanged while businesses become more productive, technology improves, the labor force expands, and the quantity of available goods increases.

Conventional monetary reasoning often assumes that the supply of money must rise alongside this expansion. Otherwise, it is argued, there will not be enough money available to purchase the additional production.

Rothbard rejected that conclusion.

If the amount of goods increases while the monetary stock remains the same, prices can simply adjust downward.

The same monetary units now command a greater quantity of goods.

Nothing requires every increase in production to be matched by a corresponding increase in the number of dollars.

Greater productivity can instead appear as greater purchasing power for each unit of money.

Rothbard's Insight

Economic growth does not necessarily require monetary growth. If production expands faster than the quantity of money, the adjustment can occur through falling prices and rising purchasing power rather than through creation of additional monetary units.

❦

Why Falling Prices Were Not Automatically a Problem

This placed Rothbard sharply at odds with the modern tendency to treat almost every sustained decline in the general price level as something dangerous.

Consider an economy in which technological progress and improved productivity allow businesses to produce more goods with fewer resources.

If the monetary supply remains relatively stable, many prices may naturally fall.

To Rothbard, that need not represent economic failure.

It may represent abundance.

A worker earning the same number of monetary units could gradually purchase more food, clothing, transportation, tools, and other goods as productivity increased.

A saver holding money could likewise see that money command a greater quantity of goods over time.

Rothbard therefore distinguished between falling prices caused by growing productivity and a destructive monetary contraction caused by banking failures, debt liquidation, or a collapse in credit.

Both may be called “deflation,” but they describe very different economic processes.

❦

The Angel Gabriel Thought Experiment

In The Mystery of Banking, Rothbard used a memorable thought experiment to demonstrate why simply increasing the supply of money cannot enrich society as a whole.

Imagine that a benevolent Angel Gabriel visits everyone while they sleep and magically doubles every person's money holdings.

Every wallet contains twice as much cash.

Every bank balance doubles.

Everyone awakens believing they are wealthier.

But the number of houses, automobiles, factories, farms, machines, and consumer goods has not changed.

Once people attempt to spend their larger balances, more money begins competing for the same available goods. Prices adjust.

The larger number of monetary units therefore cannot create the real prosperity everyone initially imagined.

Doubling everyone's dollars does not double society's wealth. It changes the number of monetary units competing for the same underlying goods.
❦

Then Why Does Money Creation Matter?

This raises an important question.

If any quantity of money can perform the monetary function, and if prices eventually adjust to changes in quantity, why should anyone care when new money is created?

Because in the real world new money does not appear in everyone's possession at exactly the same moment.

It enters the economy through particular channels.

Banks may create new deposits through lending. Central banks may purchase securities. Governments may spend borrowed or newly monetized funds. Financial institutions, asset owners, contractors, borrowers, businesses, and workers may receive the resulting money at different stages.

The first recipients can spend the new money while many prices still reflect the previous monetary environment.

Later recipients may encounter higher prices before receiving any comparable increase in their own monetary income.

Monetary expansion therefore does not merely increase an abstract statistic called the money supply.

It changes relative purchasing power during the adjustment process.

This is closely related to what is commonly called the Cantillon Effect: new money enters at specific points, benefits some participants earlier than others, and changes prices unevenly as it moves through the economy.

The Question Changes

Once money creation is understood as a process rather than an instantaneous increase in everyone's balance, the important questions become: Who receives the new money first? What do they purchase? Which prices rise first? And who encounters those higher prices before receiving additional income?

❦

Money Creation Does Not Produce More Real Resources

Rothbard emphasized that increasing the supply of money differs fundamentally from increasing the supply of ordinary goods.

If farmers produce more wheat, society has more wheat.

If manufacturers produce more automobiles, society has more automobiles.

If engineers discover a method of producing electricity more efficiently, society has gained additional productive capacity.

But creating another billion monetary units does not create another billion monetary units' worth of houses, food, energy, machinery, or labor.

Instead, it changes the monetary claims through which people compete for those resources.

Some people may become considerably wealthier in the process.

That does not mean society as a whole has experienced an equivalent increase in real wealth.

❦

Rothbard Did Not Require the Money Supply to Be Frozen Forever

Rothbard's position is sometimes simplified into the claim that he wanted the quantity of money permanently frozen at one exact number.

That is not quite correct.

Under the commodity-money system he favored, such as a market-based gold standard, the supply of monetary gold could still change.

New gold could be mined.

Gold could move between monetary and nonmonetary uses.

Coins could wear down or be lost.

Changes in the supply would therefore still occur through market activity.

His deeper objection was to the idea that monetary authorities must deliberately increase the supply according to some formula in order to accommodate economic growth, population growth, or a targeted price level.

Rothbard's argument was not that economists must discover the perfect quantity of money and freeze it forever. His argument was that no centrally determined “perfect quantity” is required in the first place.
❦

What Price Stability Can Hide

Rothbard's reasoning also changes how we should think about “stable prices.”

Imagine that improvements in technology and productivity would, absent monetary expansion, cause consumer prices to fall by three percent.

Now imagine that money and credit are expanded enough to push prices upward by roughly three percent.

The observed price index might show almost no change.

Policymakers could describe that outcome as price stability.

Yet prices are higher than they would have been without the monetary expansion.

Consumers have been denied some of the purchasing-power gains that greater productivity would otherwise have delivered.

This was an important part of Rothbard's interpretation of monetary history. A stable consumer price index does not necessarily mean that monetary conditions themselves are stable.

Monetary expansion can be occurring at the same time productivity is exerting downward pressure on prices.

❦

Money, Wealth, and Purchasing Power

Rothbard's argument ultimately requires us to separate three ideas that are frequently treated as though they were interchangeable:

Money. The medium through which exchange is conducted.

Wealth. The real goods, resources, productive assets, services, and knowledge available to society.

Purchasing power. The quantity of those goods and services that each unit of money can command.

These three things do not necessarily move together.

An economy can become wealthier while the number of monetary units remains unchanged.

An economy can create enormous quantities of currency while its productive capacity deteriorates.

A household's nominal bank balance can increase while the real purchasing power represented by that balance declines.

And a fixed or slowly changing quantity of money can support an economy producing vastly more goods than it produced decades earlier.

A Monetary Literacy Principle

The number printed on a monetary unit tells us very little by itself. What matters economically is what that unit can command in real goods, services, labor, assets, and resources.

❦

A Different Way to Think About Economic Growth

Modern monetary discussion often assumes that economic expansion should be accompanied by monetary expansion.

Rothbard asks us to reverse the question.

If an economy is becoming more productive, why must additional monetary units be created merely to prevent the prices of its goods from falling?

Why should greater abundance not appear as greater purchasing power for the people already holding money?

Why must productivity gains be partially absorbed by an expanding monetary supply rather than reflected in lower prices?

These questions do not require accepting every part of Rothbard's monetary theory.

They do require recognizing that a growing economy and a growing money supply are not synonymous.

❦

Conclusion

Rothbard's monetary insight is deceptively simple.

An economy does not need a continually increasing number of dollars merely because it produces more goods.

Money is divisible.

Prices are adjustable.

Purchasing power can rise.

If production increases while the quantity of money remains relatively stable, the existing monetary units can simply command more.

That means prosperity does not have to appear as continuously rising nominal incomes and continuously rising nominal prices.

It can appear as something much simpler:

The same money buying more.

And once this distinction is understood, the question surrounding monetary expansion changes dramatically.

Instead of asking only whether the economy has “enough money,” we can ask whether new money was necessary at all.

We can ask who received it first.

We can ask which prices changed first.

We can ask who gained purchasing power during the adjustment and who lost it.

And most importantly, we can stop confusing an increase in the number of monetary units with an increase in real prosperity.

The economy does not become richer because it has more units of money. It becomes richer when it produces more of the things those monetary units can buy.
❦
Final Thought

Rothbard did not argue that prosperity requires a permanently frozen number of monetary units. His more fundamental argument was that once money has been established, any quantity can perform its monetary function because prices and purchasing power can adjust. Economic growth therefore does not, by itself, create a necessity for continuous monetary expansion.

MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·1 month ago
Why Modern Monetary Theory Is Not Factual — Expanded Evidence from Institutions, Data, History, and Formal Tests

Why Modern Monetary Theory Is Not Factual — Expanded Evidence from Institutions, Data, History, and Formal Tests

Why Modern Monetary Theory Is Not Factual — Expanded Evidence from Institutions, Data, History, and Formal Tests

Why Modern Monetary Theory Is Not Factual — Expanded Evidence from Institutions, Data, History, and Formal TestsModern Monetary Theory (MMT) presents itself as a neutral description of how currency-issuing governments operate. Its core claims are that such governments cannot run out of money, that s...

Read the full article →

MoneyMan ·Financial News & Discussion ·1 month ago
Gold vs. Stocks Since 1971

[music] Hey everybody, this is your host of the Freedom Report, Robert Kint, and it is Wednesday, September 23rd, 2026. Welcome back to the program. Today I'm going to be going over which assets have returned the most since 1971 using two different measures or basis. We're going to do it on a log chart so that you can see scale. For example, a log is a base 10 chart. Meaning, if you're seeing something go up on the chart into the next scale, it's a 10x. And so what a log does is tells you, for example, if

you go from 2 to 20, that's a 10x. Well, from going to 20 to 40 is not a 10x. You have to go to 200. So, it's really going to tell us what have been the biggest booms in these various assets since 1971. And then we're going to get into why the winner is what it is. Is it gold and silver? Is it one of these other assets and what that could mean going forward? So, this is really was intended to be a gold and silver focused video, but as I was getting into asset valuations and returns since 1971,

I thought, "Oh, there's a different story being told here as well." So, this presentation is going to morph from just an economic presentation to also a socioeconomic or a uh cultural presentation as well. And I think you guys are going to be interested. So, without further ado, we're going to jump right into it. So here is the presentation called inflation adjusted values what has actually done better go and sorry for the transitions on this presentation that's the template

downloaded and I didn't have time to remove them all right gold since 1971 well first of all why am I using 1971 that was the date at which President Nixon was forced to remove the dollar from gold convertability meaning we were the world's reserve reserve currency and we're no longer on the gold standard. That allowed the US government to take on as much debt and print as much money as it wanted to without worrying about backing it up with gold reserves either bought, mined or whatever the case may

be. And we took gold out of that system. It allowed the market to go to different valuations and levels. So this is in other words which assets done better in the fiat currency era. And I want to use two discounters or I want to use two uh I want to discount it for inflation. In other words, I want to see what the returns are after we deal with dollar price inflation if that makes sense. So this is a chart of gold and you can see uh this is 2025 number. So it has 2820. Uh obviously gold went up to 5,500. So

that's just the graphing software I was using. But gold's now gone up to like it's 4,300 now was 5,500. But it just went 71 to 2025. You can see that nomally gold is much higher than in the gold uh line squiggly line than it was for the BLS real 1971. Meaning if you took CPI and baked it into that cake, what was your return? Well, it was a whole log scale less. In other words, it was at least 10 times less when you factor in inflation. That's why I used a log chart. It shows scale, not necessarily

just bulk prices. If you look at shadow stats, and I use shadow stats because John Williams uh is an economist. He's been an economist since the 80s. He's done he's classically trained economist. And he will graph out uh real inflation as measured in 1980. And people say, "Well, that has to be inferior. We're so much more advanced nowadays." But in reality, what the government has done is they've messed up the inflation number with uh geometric waiting, hydonic adjustments, uh taking out certain

measures of uh uh price inflation, taking things out of the core PCE and CPI and really just confuses things. Well, what I like about John Williams is like I'm just going to use the 1980s version and I'm going to stretch it out over time so you can see you can compare 2026 with 1980s, 1990s, 2000, 2010s and get an accurate representation of where prices actually are when adjusted for real inflation. What's really happened to prices, not with all the goofy government screwing up the numbers and playing around with

the numbers, just the raw numbers. And you can see that um gold started at 40 and $40.80 in 1971 and and if discounted for real inflation through shadow stats, it's only worth 56 bucks. So gold really hasn't risen all that much when discounted for inflation. Now this could be a very damning chart to people in the gold and silver industry. And I'll do silver here in a little bit in the precious metals industry cuz like see see I told you you should be in real estate and stocks and bonds and uh tech startups and investing

in companies you know and even buying a grocery store or convenience store. Why would you be in gold? Look at that return. Wouldn't that seem to make the argument the gold has done very poorly when accounting for real inflation? And no. What it means is gold's done its job. it has accounted for real inflation and taken that value in. And wait till we get to some other charts to see how other assets have done using the same inflation measures. both the official government CPI number uh that we get

through the BLS well that the BLS is reporting we get it through the BLS and then the shadow stats number done by economist John Williams who uses an unfettered unmanipulated measure of inflation that allows us to actually compare with the past without a bunch of fiddling around with the numbers. Moving on to golden real terms. I took out the gold in nominal terms and we drew a line on this chart for where it was in 1971 and you can see that gold if you look at it in CPI terms has gone up a lot. It's

gone a whole log scale up meaning it would have done very well. That's why a lot of people look at that red line and say gold's done very well even when discounted for inflation. So I think gold is overpriced. But when you count it for real inflation, not government fiddled numbers, but just straight data that Shadow Stats produces, gold really hasn't gone up that much. Now, it's done pretty well since the pandemic, but and it did pretty well 2008 through 2011, 2009 through 2011, but overall, it's not

up that much when compared to real inflation since 1971. In other words, gold's done its job. If you look at silver since 1971, you see a similar thing. Nominal dollars in silver is at the silver line. And then you have the CPI number uh discounted number in red. Meaning we take the gold price movements from year to year and we back out or we discount by the inflation rate to see what the real return is. Is the asset growing over inflation? Because if I have to pay 5% more this year for my groceries, well, I want an

asset that captures that 5% at least so I'm not losing my purchasing power and hopefully returns something over that. So silver, if you look at it with the BLS line, it looks like it's gone up a whole log scale or over 10 times what it was in 1971. That's how to read the charts. It's not a price chart. It's a log chart. So if you look at it, silver's gone up at over 10 times from 1971. But if you look at it from shadow stats, what I call real, unfettered, unfiddled with inflation, silver has not

gone up 10 times. Silver is actually under the $158 base that it was in 1971. Meaning silver has lost value even though it's a precious metal. Even though it's used in just about any technological, medical, military, and many other uses, EV, solar, you name it. Silver's used everywhere. We think we're in supply deficit, at least yearly mining deficit. How could silver in real terms when discounted for real inflation be worth less than it was in 1971? That doesn't make sense. This would seem to

indicate that silver is undervalued and it hasn't really been doing its job against inflation like gold is. And I would agree with that because since the '9s, silver's really been industrialized. It's treated as a base commodity. And a lot of people think those commodity supply and demand characteristics with the mining shortages is drawing down all this world silver inventory. And eventually we're going to get to the point where silver really pops for those reasons. But right

now silver is not priced as high as it was in 1971 when accounting for real unmanipulated unmolested uh inflation data that John Williams pro provides us at shadowstats.com. By the way, if this interests you, and I'm not affiliated with John directly. I don't have no, you know, he's not been on my show, I think once in the last seven years, like him. But if you like his data, go to shast.com. He has not only inflation data, has a lot of measures in data. Sum's free, and then he has a

subscription service which pays for all the work that he does. All right, silver in real terms. Again, we move out nominal prices and we just look at CPI numbers versus shadow stats inflation numbers. And you can see with the line drawn across since 1971, silver in real terms, unmanipulated data, just straight price terms, uh, straight inflation price terms is under its 1971 average. So when people say that $65 silver is overvalued, it's really not when compared over time. You can see that on the time series

chart and it's been that way. It's been cratering since 1980. And it went up in 7980 because the high oil inflation and came down and except for like 2010. It really wasn't it didn't peak above its 1971 value in real terms when accounting for real inflation. All right, moving on to the S&P 500. Now, this is interesting. The reason I'm bringing in the stock markets is because I was just on Danny's show at Capital Cosm this morning and we were talking about the effect of inflation on assets and I was

saying that I don't think the stock market's really returning what most people think it is when you account for inflation when you account for stuff you got to buy. So, if you're sitting out there and you're a baby boomer or Gen Xer and you're thinking about you're in retirement or you're thinking about getting to retirement and you have a million dollars in different assets, how long is that million dollars going to last if if the returns on the S&P 500 didn't really keep up with inflation or

barely kept up with inflation? So since 1971 when we got taken off the gold standard, the S&P 500 is barely over its inflation adjusted value, meaning it's basically been flatlined for 55 years. Despite the nominal returns you get in the index and what you think you're making off of that, when you take into account real inflation, you haven't made much. And this is one of the reasons the government uses the CPI numbers they do because it effectively covers up how badly those assets are performing when

you consider real inflation and it's kept people in the system. Monies are captured in the stock market and 401ks and pensions and IAS and various retirement plans. And these BLS numbers make it seem like people are getting real value. But when you take into account the cost of things, go look at my real estate presentation from two weeks ago and how expensive houses are and then look at what's happening to diesel and gas prices and the price of the grocery store. You're going to look

at this and say, "Well, the stock market's really not increasing my purchasing power." And it comes with a ton of risk. Now, this is the top 500 companies in America. Let's go on to look at the Dow. The Dow Jones Industrial is more of a manufacturing industrial index. really looks at manufacturing and physical uh activity uh productive activity in the u in the country and now we're we're less of a manufacturer than we used to be. We make less. We still make things. We just

don't make it as much. And the service economy and the tech economy is much bigger. And interesting to note that that if you look at gold at the Dow in in in real terms discounted for real inflation, shallow stats, it's even. So the Dow has gone exactly nowhere. That means that the productive capacity of our nation in 55 years has not gone up relative to what we're paying to get stuff. That's an astounding an astounding chart. And it means despite all the technological advancements,

despite all of the the wonderful things that we have, we actually can't afford to buy more of it. uh these manufactured things and these companies that manufacture things when discounted for real inflation. Our standard of living really hasn't gone up the way that we think it has. All right. Now, moving on to the NASDAQ, you see a little bit different story here, especially starting around 2009 2010. The NASDAQ when discounted by either CPI or shadow stats has done actually really well. And

you can see it's gone up by a factor of 10 on shadow stats and by a factor of nearly 100 when discounted for inflation. And again log log scale. So I'm going from 10 to 2 to 10 to 3 to 10 to 4 on the left hand side of this chart. If you see here uh it started right here the NAS uh the NASDAQ actually right here in 1980 then went to this 10x scale then went to this 10x scale when you're measuring in this red and this BLS inflation the CPI. So it looks like NASDAQ has actually kicked button taken names really especially

since uh about 1990 when discounted for either inflation because even in shadow stats the number it looks like a 10x there right since about 2008 2009 so since the last since the great recession technology is more than 10xed or at least the value of the NASDAQ has and wait till we get a little bit deeper in the NASDAQ to look and see that it's not the entire NASDAQ it's really a collection of firms at the All right, moving on. What is the winner? Well, if you graph all of these out on a log chart

and you use the CPI, this is the top chart, or the shadow stats, the bottom chart, on both charts, the winner is the NASDAQ in purple. The purple line, whether we discount for shadow stats, real inflation, or the goofy government CPI inflation, the NASDAQ wins. The interesting thing to see is that the NASDAQ really only started consistently winning in 2010. So for the last 16 years, not really since 1971. Since 1971, almost everything did better with the exception of the tech boom in 2000, but the tech boom in 2000 was a little

premature in predicting the tech technology economy, but it came back around the great recession. And uh the top firms and NASDAQ and the technology sector has really been where all the money's been or the capital's been flowing to. Gold has done well. Gold is in blue on this chart. Gold is second place. So gold just by holding value, if you remember the chart we had before, gold's just held value since 1971. And the fact that everything else is below gold, including S&P, Dow, and silver is below gold means

that all of those are basically flatline or less than uh the value or offsetting inflation or your per, you know, maintaining your purchasing power whereas NASDAQ and gold are clearly on top. So, the winner really is NASDAQ. And it's like, okay, Rob, well, if that's the case, why are you keep telling us to invest in gold and silver? Why are you a Gold and Silver channel? Why aren't you just constantly talking about Microsoft and Amazon? We're going to kind of get into that for the

remainder of the presentation. And there's going to be a little bit of a warning there at the end of this presentation about where we may be going. And it doesn't just have to do with economics, but I've got quotes from other people to paint that picture instead of me just doing it myself. And it's interesting to see how long these quotes have been about, but I'm giving it away. So, let's keep going. So, the winner is technology stock. So, I so I said, okay, what are the changes in

technology since 2010, which caused the NASDAQ to separate from everything and just all this money has been flowing into it for 16 years? Well, you had the mobile app store super cycle where we got into the mobile phones like this one and we got into the apps and really technology came home to sit in our laps every day. It's no longer we're lucky to have a computer at work. Even if you're, you know, a construction worker or a plumber or you work on cars or you you're traveling around salesman or

whatever and you don't really on the computer, you're not on the computer a long a lot of time. Everybody gets on a computer with one of these. It's your personal digital assistant. And actually started off as PDAs because I used to work at a technology store back in uh the mid9s and I sold some of the very first PDAs including an Apple PDA and then it eventually morphed into a phone and then they combined the phone and the technology of a digital assistant and made it into like a little uh little

complex supercomput there and Apple transformed consumer electronics into an ecosystem. Then from 2013 to 2018, you had the 10bagger factory of cloud development. Uh Netflix pioneered streaming from the cloud. The stock sword 27x in 10 years. And since 2021, Netflix has been killing it. They can spend a billion dollars on content and make three to four billion dollars in revenues because they have over 300 million subscribers. And not all of their content has to hit. They just have to keep the misses to a minimum. And

when I was studying Netflix over the weekend for a different project, uh the way Netflix did it is they figured out that the middle is where you win. So the mi the middle spend, you know, the the5 to $30 million productions, whether it be seasons of a show or whether it be a movie, are the ones that win the bread and butters. But you got to have the blockbusters to attract new people and to keep people in the game. And then you also have your cheaper content like a lot of children's productions and

simpler content which also keeps the family sticky. And so Netflix has figured out the mix that keeps keeps everybody uh basically attached to what's going on with uh the content with Netflix. And so they're just printing money. Their return on investment of their investors is ridiculous. And they're they're billions of dollars of profit. They have more profit and assets than they do debt. and it keeps growing. Uh the other type of suites, Microsoft Azure launched in 2008. It's up over 20x since the

entire Microsoft company. Adobe put creative suite in the cloud in 2013. Uh AWS, Amazon went from 3 billion to $25 billion revenue. So those five years were about building the cloud. That's about building infrastructure. First, you get the the device that's going to power the apps. Next, you have to build the infrastructure that the apps run on so that people can use this and use their laptops and use their smart TVs. Then from 2010 to 2021, you had the zero interest rate policy. So the funds Fed

funds rate 0% for seven years. And so what happened was at 0% rate, a dollar of 2030 earnings is worth a dollar today. Meaning there there is no discounted time value of money in terms of earnings. And so if at 5% rates that goes down to 61 cents. So the analysis is that 40% of the value of of NASDAQ in these companies increasing was just the fact that we had zero interest rate. They could borrow at zero and then that meant their cost of acquiring capital was near zero. So that allowed them to grow exponentially. You say well why

didn't all the companies do that? And that's has to do with the next few bullet points we're going to get into. This is why it didn't happen in staples and commodities and others. COVID forced digitization. Lockdowns forced daily life onto digital platforms. This and others. Homeschooling on the computer anyone that people didn't weren't allowed to go to school. Worship services online. People ordering more from Amazon and Walmart uh delivery which is now ubiquitous. You have

Walmart drones delivering goods to your driveway. We just all got used to that during 2020 2021 because we couldn't go anywhere. And that forced people to digitize. It forced people to get on the system. and NASDAQ jumped 44% in 2020. The annual returns 19 since 2020 has been 19% which has been higher than any of the other the indices because those lockdowns drove digitization. They drove the online uh technocratic sort of model. Then in 2022 2026 it's AI you have the second cloud now you've got AI

and it requires all these additional data centers so that the computers now can do the thinking. AI and cloud computing demand now uh demand now accounts for 40% of the S&P 500 market cap. That's how powerful it is. And video alone 168.9% market cap growth in 2024. Uh the Magnificent 7, the top seven technology stocks soared to 17.6 trillion in December and they're up more than that. And then it was network effects, buybacks and capex. So this is where the economies of scale of centralization of technology comes into

play. Okay, so the the IT sector increased 450% since 2010. And one key thing I noted through my research is once you win one of these areas, search like Google or Bing or whatever, uh, social media or the operating system, once you win one of these categories of technology, whether it's what helps us do technology or how we're searching technology or what we're consuming over technology, your marginal cost is 0%. And that raises your return on equity, ROE. In other words, when you get money into your stock, you're able

to multiply that because you don't have a marginal cost. You've won the game. Everybody's using you. So, it was a concentration of all the technological functions into these single companies, the top seven single companies, which great gave them market power and it gave them almost unlimited returns. They could borrow money and still make a ton more than what they borrowed. So they were able to almost infinitely scale. Why? Because we had the people addicted to this. We had the lockdowns.

We already had the first version of cloud. Then we added the AI cloud and now everything's automated. Now you have less people in jobs and you have less people in small to medium companies and you have the centralization of power to the big companies. And now they're getting rid of labor. They're cutting jobs and letting AI take over some of those functions. And so the cost of these technology companies to do business is really falling really low. And that's put every other industry at a

distinct disadvantage. And what we're what we're seeing happen since 2010. And the reason NASDAQ has done so well is a concentration of wealth that's being sucked into these top seven companies and it's creating a juggernaut that nobody can defeat because it's technologydriven. It's lower cost. uh they have almost zero cost of capital. It doesn't matter what interest rates get to, they're going to beat it. And let's go to another chart here, which I think you guys will be interesting to

see. I've got a couple of three companies here at the top. We got uh Apple, Microsoft, where which are a combination of hardware and software, mostly software, and then Nvidia, which is a chip manufacturer. And you can see that their return on equity is very high. The return on investment capital, which is ROIC, is high. And then you got the whack. That's the weighted average cost of capital. So, let's talk through this. The last column, the weighted average cost of capital is the cost to

acquire a stock or pay out a dividend or whatever the stock costs are plus the cost to borrow debt. So, it's debt and stock. You go back to the original balance sheet equation of liabilities u the cost to acquire uh or issue stock and the cost to acquire debt. In other words, the cost of money. The weighted average cost capital is a cost of money that businesses use to finance their functions. Well, if they're getting a return on the equity, uh, that is return on stock and a return on invested

capital, which is a return on debt or other investments is twice as much as their cost of capital, then there's no reason for them not to take on that debt or issue that stock or even buy back stocks, which has a cost of its own, because they're going to get more back. They're going to get a rate higher than whatever that is. So, they almost can't lose whichever one they choose. They can take debt or they can recycle stocks. Nvidia, the same thing. It's 60% return on equity as a chip company, 50% return

on capital, and only has a 10% cost of capital. So, it's making five to six times what it borrows or pays back in stocks. Now, the broad NASDAQ composite, including a thousand companies, is much less. Their return on equity and return on capital is less than their their average cost capital. So, it's not all technology companies. It's the Magnificent 7 and Apple, Microsoft, Nvidia are really leading here into which they can do no wrong. It's like their business can do no wrong. Why?

Because all that capital is already in. They've won their various fields. Apple's won the the mobile phone war. I don't care about Samsung and the others. Apple really dominates in a lot of technology fields. Uh Microsoft dominates a lot of software fields. Nvidia dominates in a lot of chip fields. And so those companies basically have so much concentration of power. It's like how do you stop them? They're a juggernaut. And the rest of the technology companies are trying to catch

up. And so what happens is you have the power of all technology, the internet, AI, and all that stuff in a a very small group of companies including these AI companies which are rising. AI companies rising is going to be the next guys to take over the crowns from the Apples and Microsoft's Nvidas here in a few years. What is the outlook? What is the effect of this? Well, I've already talked about job loss. We've already talked about um lack [clears throat] of growth in uh opportunities for small and medium

business which businesses which create most of the jobs. But here are some quotes from people that talked about the effect of centralization of power and technology in the past. We're going to start with Dwight Eisenhower in his 1961 farewell address as president. We must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that public policy could itself become the captive of the scientific technological elite. What he was saying is the companies are going to have more power than the government and they're

going to capture it. That's called regulatory capture and the government's not going to be able to stop them and neither would the people by extension of that because the government is the enforcement arm of the people. And Dwight was basically saying and you know we had the bomb and stuff like that had already gone off back then and he was looking at technology going uh this is the biggest existential threat. He also talked about other things. uh this isn't as quoted from his farewell address but

it's very important and relevant to the day and very preient for him to say that all the way back in 1961 you also have Aldis Huxley the famous author uh dystopian author who had a couple of dystopian books was very well connected and things that he wrote about seemed to in some to some extent be coming true in many areas of life and he said but the progress of technology has led and is still leading to just such a concentration and centralization of power Okay, connecting technology growth

to power just like Eisenhower. George Packer, a famous journalist said, "Today we have our own concentrations of economic power." This is in 2025. Instead of Standard Oil, US Steel and Union Pacific Railroad and JP Morgan and Company, we have Amazon, Google, Apple, Facebook, and Microsoft. The technology companies can consolidate powers better than the other industries. Even the energy industry because the energy industry uses what? Technology. technology is the pillar beneath the entire economy. That's why they're doing

so well because everybody uses them. Uh Christian Lewis Lang, Nobel Peace Prize 1921. Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master. So what happens when AI basically is running everything in society? Is it a servant now or is it a master? And what does that mean for us? What does that mean for the economy? What does that mean for freedom? What does that mean for jobs? What does that mean for us as a society? That's one of the existential questions of our generation of our time. Uh technology uh oh going down to Marshall

McLuhan, philosopher, professor and intellectual. We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us. We create the technology and then the technology takes over and shapes the direction of our lives. And the last one by Jacques Ulu, the technological society, a book in 1954. Technique has become autonomous. It has become a reality in itself. It is the new sacred. And by technique, he means technology or how you do things. Technique and technology have the same base in in uh language. And he's basically saying technology.

There is the risk. look at the only thing that's outdone gold uh since 1971 and really since 2010 if we're really looking at the chart and that's NASDAQ and that's a concentration of power in technology and that is a real threat AI social credit scores uh things like that and it seems as though uh technology is is is on this this train that won't stop it's just going to keep going I would say that the only thing that's going to protect you from that is gold because gold at least

captures inflation and at least gold gives you an alternative way to to trade outside of technology like uh digital currencies or the digital dollar or the the online systems and I would advocate that gold is probably your safe haven if you're worried about those things you know so to answer one of the original questions that was po has been posed to me by my friends and has been posed lately to me is why would I invest in gold? Well, gold beats everything except for NASDAQ and technology, the top seven

firms. And so, everybody's piling money into there, but I would rather put my money in gold because I'm not so sure. I want those firms to have all this power and control because you see all the people that warned against it and what's going to happen over time and it seems like everything they're saying is coming true. So, I'd rather be in gold for those reasons. People that were in, you know, in NASDAQ since 2010, 2009 really when I started investing in gold had beaten me. But that's okay. I don't want

to put my money into that system. I love technology. I'm sitting here broadcasting to you over technology, using technology, but there's a limit to which I want that to affect my life. And I think having a real physical asset is something that is going to help uh me uh dealing not only with inflation, but dealing with whatever's coming down the pike with this new technological future. Uh and just to remind people, I spent 30 years in tech. I started off as administrator, then I did auditing and

consulting, then I did cyber security. My masters is in information assurance which is cyber security. Uh my bachelor's is a hybrid business technology degree called management of information systems. I have an associates in applied sciences which was basically Cisco networking and Unix system administration internet technologies that I got in 2002 when the internet was growing. I spent a lot of time in tech and I know tech very well and I think some of the advancements really caused me to have some concern.

So the presentation started off as what's done best. Well, it turns out only one of the stock market indices since 1971 has done best, but really since 2010, but gold's the runner up and I think gold probably is going to lead to more freedom than the other one. But if you want to simplify this this whole presentation down, why investing in the Dow, the S&P, bonds, and all those other things when gold is simply beating it? Because it maintains your purchasing power. If you're looking for the most

economically beneficial, lowest risk of these things to put your money into, it would be gold. Silver a little bit to a less extent because it's become industrialized. But if you consider the supply and demand characteristics and how we're likely eventually to get to real world shortages while all of our available stocks are being used up in all this technology by the way that uh and this this rampant increase in technology silver I think will explode past gold at some point but right now gold is the

stronger of the two. That's going to do it for today. This has been your host Rob Ke with the Freedom Report. >> [music]

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MoneyMan ·Economic Roundtable ·1 month ago
Second Bank of the United States

Second Bank of the United States

Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States caused the Panic of 1837 through a deliberate, institution-saving policy reversal that crushed the economy it had previously inflated.Nicholas Biddle ran the Second Bank through the early 1830s and expanded credit aggressively. Member banks multiplied loans on to...

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